Use of pharmaceutical medications is escalating globally. Given that pharmaceuticals are biologically active chemicals and designed to affect physiology and behaviour of organisms at very low concentrations, it is surprising that only a small number of studies have investigated bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in non-target organisms. Accordingly, the overall aim of the study was to determine the number, type and concentrations of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in fish living up- and downstream from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in Victoria, Australia. This study had four specific aims: (1) quantify the concentration of pharmaceuticals in muscle tissues (or whole fish) of fish; (2) determine concentration of pharmaceuticals in water; (3) investigate the potential for pharmaceuticals to bioaccumulate in fish; (4) assess the associated risk to human health through fish consumption. Specifically, we sampled 18 sites (including three reference sites) across Victoria. The study had a 3-site sampling design: hotspot site (WWTP discharge point), upstream site (~2km upstream the hotspot) and downstream site (~2km downstream the hotspot). Both water and fish were collected from each site. Water samples were collected using a combination of passive samplers (deployed for 28 days), and grab samples. Minimum of 20 fish were caught from each site and total of 360 were caught including a range of native and invasive species. Fish weight and length was measured, and a subset of the species aged (eels and redfins). In water, out of the 72 pharmaceuticals tested, 59 were detected and the highest concentrations included cefalexine, high blood pressure medications (furosemide, hydrochlorthiazide), venlafaxine and amidotrizoate (sodium). In biota, out of 55 pharmaceuticals tested, only three (caffeine, carbamazepine, and venlafaxine) were detected above the limit of reporting. We are in a process of analysing the data and will be presenting this extensive biomonitoring study in full detail in the conference.